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The PDF format has become quite popular in the present-day document flow of various companies. It is also actively used by various educational institutions. Many users working with electronic documents and books often face the problem of combining PDF files online.

Maintaining documentation and accounts often makes it necessary to merge PDF documents into a single file, so that tables and images used would not change their original location and could be easily sent to the addressee.

How to Combine PDF Files

Ease of use;

No strict requirements for personal computers, which enables users to process quite large files even on low-end laptops;

Downloadable programs generally work well with all versions of Windows, including outdated ones.

Best Applications for Merging Pdf Documents

A versatile PDF editor that enables you to perform a complete process;

Applications that have one primary merging function;

Of course, there can be a practical benefit of using online platforms where you can write on PDF online, but when it comes to professional purposes, it is recommended to use a desktop version of the software. The most efficient applications are:

PDF Commander. The application management is accessible to both professionals and beginners. Its functionality makes it possible to generate a variety of projects for business and personal use. The application provides the possibility of merging a huge number of PDF files, sorting them, inserting blank pages, and adding text. Moreover, the software enables you to create double passwords for a newly created document, and apply stamps and signatures.

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Jailbreak Guide: Can I Jailbreak?

With Apple’s ever-turning game of unsigning older firmware to prevent downgrades to jailbreakable firmware, jailbreakers are forever wondering what the best strategy is for their device.

Should existing jailbreakers stick with their jailbroken firmware, or should they upgrade? If they’re already without a jailbreak, then which firmware version should they be on to get one? What should they do to upgrade from an older jailbroken firmware?

In this article, we discuss the best options for every device and firmware version so that you can make an informed decision.

Navigate to the section corresponding to the firmware version on your device and find the sub-section that refers to your device type. You may need to know whether your device is 64-bit or 32-bit, as well as what generation chip your device has (e.g. iPhone X is has an A11 chip). A quick internet search will give you those details.

Remember that these are recommendations based on current information. Information changes from one day to another, so it’s a good idea to check back frequently for up-to-date details. For legacy firmware, check out our more general introduction to jailbreaking.

Contents iOS & iPadOS 16.0-16.4

There may be a jailbreak for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS or iPadOS 15.5-15.6.1, stay there. Do not update your firmware and be sure to turn off automatic updates on your device and take steps to block updates.

You’re out of luck for now; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware. It’s unknown if one could be released anytime soon, so stay on the lowest possible firmware and avoid software updates.

You can jailbreak with palera1n-c, however you will need to use a jailbreak tweak like Checkl0ck to set a passcode afterwards, which only works in a jailbroken state and is a security risk. The jailbreak is also semi-tethered, which means that it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state (without a passcode) after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. All future firmware versions released for these devices should also be supported for the rest of their lifespan since the checkm8 bootrom exploit can’t be patched by Apple. The palera1n-c jailbreak can be installed either rootful or rootless and uses Sileo for a package manager app and Substitute for tweak injection.

Jailbreak with palera1n-c. Devices with an A9-A10 chip which can run iOS or iPadOS 16 can jailbreak right now now and can use a passcode regularly, unlike A11 devices as discussed above. The jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. All future firmware versions released for these devices should also be supported for the rest of their lifespan since the checkm8 bootrom exploit can’t be patched by Apple. The palera1n-c jailbreak can be installed either rootful or rootless and uses Sileo for a package manager app and Substitute for tweak injection.

iOS & iPadOS 15.5-15.6.1

You’re out of luck for now; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware. It’s unknown if one could be released anytime soon, so stay on the lowest possible firmware and avoid software updates.

Jailbreak with palera1n-c. Devices with an A9-A10 chip which can run iOS or iPadOS 15 can jailbreak right now now and can use a passcode regularly, unlike A11 devices as discussed above. The jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. All future firmware versions released for these devices should also be supported for the rest of their lifespan since the checkm8 bootrom exploit can’t be patched by Apple. The palera1n-c jailbreak can be installed either rootful or rootless and uses Sileo for a package manager app and Substitute for tweak injection.

iOS & iPadOS 15.0-15.4.1

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS or iPadOS 15.0-15.4.1, stay there. Do not update your firmware and be sure to turn off automatic updates on your device and take steps to block updates.

You can jailbreak with Dopamine. Dopamine is a semi-untethered jailbreak that doesn’t require a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. It’s also installed using TrollStore, which means that once installed, it becomes permanently signed on your device so that you don’t need to re-sign the app every seven days like you normally would have to do with basic sideloading. Dopamine is a rootless jailbreak that uses Sileo or Zebra for a package manager and ElleKit for tweak injection.

iOS & iPadOS 14.6-14.8

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS or iPadOS 14.0-14.3, stay there. Do not update your firmware and be sure to turn off automatic updates on your device and take steps to block updates.

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware and no apparent interest in making one.

You can jailbreak with unc0ver. Unc0ver is a semi-untethered jailbreak that doesn’t require a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot, Interestingly, unc0ver on these version(s) of iOS & iPadOS includes the Fugu14 untether that keeps the sideloaded app signed indefinitely, but you will still need to re-jailbreak after every reboot (no computer required). Unc0ver uses Cydia for a package manager and Substitute for tweak injection.

You can jailbreak with checkra1n, however you will need to use a jailbreak tweak like Checkl0ck to set a passcode afterwards, which only works in a jailbroken state and is a security risk. The jailbreak is also semi-tethered, which means that it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. All future firmware versions released for these devices should also be supported for the rest of their lifespan since the checkm8 bootrom exploit can’t be patched by Apple. The device will work in an unjailbroken state (without a passcode) after each reboot, until re-jailbroken.

Jailbreak with checkra1n. Devices with an A8-A10 chip which can run iOS or iPadOS 14, such as the iPad mini 4, iPad Air 2, iPad 5-7, iPod touch 7, iPhone 7 & 7 Plus, and more, can jailbreak right now now and can use a passcode regularly, unlike A11 devices as discussed above. The jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. All future firmware versions released for these devices should also be supported for the rest of their lifespan since the checkm8 bootrom exploit can’t be patched by Apple.

iOS & iPadOS 14.4-14.5.1

All Devices

You can jailbreak with unc0ver. Unc0ver is a semi-untethered jailbreak that doesn’t require a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot, but the jailbreak app you sideload with utilities such as AltStore or Sideloadly will need to be re-signed every seven days. Unc0ver uses Cydia for a package manager and Substitute for tweak injection.

iOS & iPadOS 14.0-14.3

You can jailbreak with Taurine. Taurine is a semi-untethered jailbreak that doesn’t require a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot, but the jailbreak app you sideload with utilities such as AltStore or Sideloadly will need to be re-signed every seven days. Taurine uses Sileo for a package manager and libhooker for tweak injection.

iOS & iPadOS 13.5.1-13.7

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS or iPadOS 13.5.1-13.7, stay there. Do not update your firmware and be sure to turn off automatic updates on your device and take steps to block updates.

Jailbreak with Odyssey. Odyssey is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot, but the Odyssey jailbreak app must be re-signed with a sideloading utility such as AltStore or Sideloadly once every seven days.

Devices with an A8-A10 chip (not A11) that can run iOS or iPadOS 14, and are content with the semi-tethered checkra1n jailbreak have the option to use it. For most users, a semi-untethered jailbreak will be more convenient, and they should not update their firmware and use the Odyssey jailbreak instead.

iOS & iPadOS 13.0-13.5

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS or iPadOS 13.0-13.5, stay there. Avoid software updates, disable automatic updates on your device, and take steps to block updates.

Jailbreak with unc0ver. unc0ver is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. It comes with the Cydia package manager by default, but other options such as Sileo and Zebra are also available. Substitute is used for tweak injection.

Jailbreak with Odyssey. Odyssey is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot. It comes with Sileo package manager by default and uses libhooker for tweak injection.

Devices with an A8-A11 chip that can run iOS or iPadOS 13, such as the iPad mini 4, iPad Air 2, iPad 5-7, iPod touch 7, iPhone 7 & 7 Plus, and more, can jailbreak with checkra1n. The jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. For most users a semi-untethered jailbreak like unc0ver or Odyssey may be more convenient.

Devices with an A8-A10 chip (not A11) that can run iOS or iPadOS 14, and are content with the semi-tethered checkra1n jailbreak also have the option to use it chúng tôi most users a semi-untethered jailbreak like unc0ver or Odyssey may be more convenient.

iOS 12.4.9-12.5.7

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS 12.4.9-12.5.7, stay there. Avoid software updates, turn off automatic updates on your device, and take steps to block updates.

Jailbreak with Chimera. Chimera is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot. It comes with Sileo package manager by default and uses libhooker for tweak injection.

You may also jailbreak with checkra1n. The checkra1n jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. For most users a semi-untethered jailbreak will be more convenient, and they should use Chimera.

iOS 12.0-12.4.8

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS 12.0-12.4.8, stay there and avoid software updates.

Jailbreak with unc0ver. unc0ver is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device chúng tôi comes with the Cydia package manager by default, but other options such as Sileo and Zebra are also available. Substitute is used for tweak injection.

Jailbreak with Chimera. Chimera is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot. It comes with Sileo package manager by default, and uses libhooker for tweak injection.

Devices with an A8-A11 chip which can run iOS or iPadOS 12, such as the iPad mini 4, iPad Air 2, iPad 5-7, iPod touch 7, iPhone 7 & 7 Plus, and more, may also jailbreak with checkra1n. The jailbreak is semi-tethered, which means it requires a computer to re-jailbreak after every reboot. The device will work in an unjailbroken state after each reboot, until re-jailbroken. For most users a semi-untethered jailbreak will be more convenient, and they should not update their firmware, instead opting to use unc0ver or Chimera.

Devices with an A8-A10 chip (not A11) and iPad mini 4 users who are content with the semi-tethered checkra1n jailbreak also have the option to use it instead. For most users a semi-untethered jailbreak will be more convenient, and they should avoid firmware updates and use unc0ver or Chimera instead.

iOS 11.0-11.4.1

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS 11.0-11.4.1, stay there. Do not update.

Jailbreak with unc0ver. unc0ver is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot. It comes with Cydia package manager by default, and uses Substitute for tweak injection.

Jailbreak with Electra. Electra is semi-untethered and does not need a computer to re-jailbreak after a device reboot. It comes with Sileo package manager by default, and uses libhooker for tweak injection.

Devices with an A9-A10 chip (not A11) and iPad mini 4 users who are content with the semi-tethered checkra1n jailbreak may use it. For most users, a semi-untethered jailbreak such as unc0ver or Electra will be more convenient.

Devices with an A7-A8 chip, except for the iPad mini 4, alsk have the option to jailbreak with Chimera. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

iOS 10.0-10.3.4

There are jailbreaks for your firmware! If you’re already on iOS 10.0-10.3.4, stay there. Do not update.

TotallyNotSpyware. Rather than an app-based jailbreak, this is a web page hosting both Meridian and doubleh3lix. It automatically selects which tool to jailbreak your device with and installs the jailbreak directly via the web page.

Check out tihmstar’s doubleh3lix jailbreak for all 10.x firmwares. A traditional jailbreak with a KPP bypass, it boasts Cydia and Substrate. The only downside is lack of support for chips newer than A9. That means that the iPhone 7 & 7 Plus, iPad Pro, etc. must use another option.

You can jailbreak with Meridian, which supports all 64-bit devices on all iOS 10.x firmware.

Devices with an A9-A10 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are content with the semi-tethered checkra1n jailbreak can use it. For most users a semi-untethered jailbreak will be more convenient.

Devices with an A7-A8 chip, except for the iPad mini 4, may also jailbreak with Chimera. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

You can use tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x to jailbreak your device semi-untethered. Also, as iOS 10.3.4 is the last signed version for 32-bit, you could update from iOS 10.x to iOS 10.3.3 to get the latest bug fixes, and then jailbreak with h3lix.

If you have blobs for iOS 9.1-9.3.4 and prefer untethered jailbreaks, you can downgrade from iOS 10 to iOS 9.1-9.3.4, then jailbreak with Home Depot. Untether that jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

iOS 9.3.5-9.3.6

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware and no apparent interest in making one. Devices with an A9 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are happy with the restrictions of a semi-tethered jailbreak have the option to update to the current firmware and jailbreak there with checkra1n instead. See iOS & iPadOS 14.0-current instructions above for more details.

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware, and no apparent interest in making one. Devices with an A7-A8 chip, except for the iPad mini 4 have the option to update to iOS 12.5.1 and jailbreak there with Chimera instead. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

You can jailbreak! Use tihmstar and siguza’s Phœnix tool to jailbreak your device semi-untethered.

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want the newer features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x.

If you have blobs for iOS 9.1-9.3.4 and prefer untethered jailbreaks, you can downgrade from iOS 9.3.5 to iOS 9.1-9.3.4, then jailbreak with Home Depot. Untether that jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

iOS 9.3.4

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware, and no apparent interest in making one. Devices with an A9 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are content with a semi-tethered jailbreak May jailbreak with checkra1n. See iOS & iPadOS 14.0-current instructions above for more details.

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware, and no apparent interest in making one. Devices with an A7-A8 chip, except for the iPad mini 4 may update to iOS 12.5.1 and jailbreak there with Chimera instead. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

You can jailbreak! Use Home Depot to jailbreak your device. Untether the jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want the latest features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x. This is swapping an untethered jailbreak for a semi-untethered one, so consider carefully whether you want to or not.

iOS 9.2-9.3.3

You can jailbreak with Pangu 9.2-9.3.3. If you like, you can stay on 9.2-9.3.3, and live long and prosper with your jailbreak.

Devices with an A9 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are content with a semi-tethered jailbreak also have the option to jailbreak with checkra1n. See iOS & iPadOS 14.0-current instructions above for more details.

Devices with an A7-A8 chip, except for the iPad mini 4 also have the option to update to iOS 12.5.1 and jailbreak there with Chimera instead. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

You can jailbreak already! Use Home Depot to jailbreak your device. Untether the jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want its features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x. This is swapping an untethered jailbreak for a semi-untethered one, so consider carefully whether you want to or not.

iOS 9.1

You can jailbreak with Pangu9. If you like, you can stay on iOS 9.1 and live long and prosper with your jailbreak.

Devices with an A9 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are content with a semi-tethered jailbreak have the option to jailbreak with checkra1n. See iOS & iPadOS 14.0 instructions above for more details.

You can jailbreak already! Use Home Depot to jailbreak your device. Untether the jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

iOS 9.0-9.0.2

You can jailbreak with Pangu9. If you like, you can stay on 9.0-9.0.2, and live long and prosper with your jailbreak.

Devices with an A9 chip and iPad mini 4 users who are content with a semi-tethered jailbreak have the option to jailbreak with checkra1n. See iOS & iPadOS 14.0-current instructions above for more details.

You can jailbreak already with Pangu9!

If you want to be on the highest possible firmware that’s untetherable and you have blobs for iOS 9.1-9.3.4, you can upgrade to any of them and then jailbreak with Home Depot. Untether that jailbreak with UntetherHomeDepot!

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want its features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak semi-untethered with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x.

iOS 8.4.1

You’re out of luck; there’s no jailbreak for this firmware, and no apparent interest in making one. You have the option to update to iOS 12.5.1 and jailbreak with Chimera. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

Jailbreak now with tihmstar’s EtasonJB for iOS 8.4.1!

If you have blobs for iOS 9.0-9.3.4, you can upgrade to any of them by jailbreaking with EtasonJB and using futurerestore.

If you only have blobs for iOS 9.3.5, you can upgrade to that and use tihmstar and siguza’s Phœnix tool to jailbreak your device semi-untethered.

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want its features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak semi-untethered with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x.

iOS 8.4 and below

You can jailbreak already, with various tools, depending on your firmware version. If you don’t mind the considerable compatibility problems you’ll be experiencing by now and love solid, untethered jailbreaks, stay where you are. You also have the option to update to iOS 12.5.1 and jailbreak there with Chimera instead. See iOS 12.4.9-12.5.1 instructions above for more details.

You have options. You can jailbreak already, with various tools, depending on your firmware version.

Otherwise, if you have iOS 9 blobs and want to upgrade for better compatibility, you can upgrade to any iOS 9 firmware and then jailbreak with either Pangu (9.0-9.0.2), Home Depot (9.1-9.3.4), or Phœnix (9.3.5).

Upgrading to Phœnix (9.3.5) will be swapping an untethered for a semi-untethered jailbreak however, so you’ll have to choose between a newer iOS with better app support and an untethered jailbreak, unless you go with 9.0-9.3.4.

Alternatively, if your device handles iOS 10 well and you want its features and fixes, upgrade to iOS 10.3.3 and jailbreak semi-untethered with tihmstar’s h3lix tool for iOS 10.x.

tvOS and Apple TV

tvOS 14.5+

Whilst checkra1n should support this and all future tvOS versions, Apple appears to have patched something to make life difficult. Jailbreaking these firmwares is currently not working, though this may be fixed in the future.

tvOS 13.4.8-14.4

As always, all users should block updates and not update. Start saving blobs with TSS Saver for all current and future firmwares.

Using checkra1n on Apple TV 4K requires a costly and difficult hardware modification to provide USB access to the device, but is possible. Apple TV 4 does not require this. For users unable or unwilling to make this modification, downgrade your Apple TV 4K to the lowest signed firmware and wait for a sideloadable tool which does not need USB access, as seen in the past.

tvOS 11.0-13.4.5

Jailbreak now with unc0verTV!

Do not update your firmware! Block updates and start saving blobs with TSS Saver for all current and future firmwares.

tvOS 10.2.2

As always, all users should block updates and not update. Start saving blobs with TSS Saver for all current and future firmwares.

tvOS 9.0-10.2.1

As always, all users should block updates and not update. Start saving blobs with TSS Saver for all current and future firmwares.

You can jailbreak with EtasonATV on iOS 7.4 (sometimes confusingly called iOS 8.4.3 (12H885)) only.

Update to iOS 6.2.1 (sometimes confusingly called iOS 7.1.2) and use SeasonPass.

watchOS and Apple Watch

There are a couple of developer-only tools which saw preliminary work. However, no public tools exist for anything newer than the Apple Watch Series 3, and nothing for firmwares newer than watchOS 4.1. As far as general users are concerned, no viable tools exist.

audioOS and bridgeOS

These jailbreaks are developer-only and have no applications for the average user. They do not support tweaks nor any of the other features associated with a consumer jailbreak. However, in the interest of completeness, audioOS 13.2.1-14.4 on the HomePod (not mini) can be jailbroken with checkra1n. Versions of bridgeOS running on the T2 chip (the secure chip which handles security and Touch Bar support on newer Macs) can also be jailbroken using checkra1n.

Conclusion

For most devices, .shsh2 blobs can be saved with TSS Saver in a matter of moments. Devices with an A12, A12X, or newer chip (iPhone XS and above), must follow a slightly more involved process to save valid blobs.

Remember, blobs can only be saved for an iOS version while that version is signed by Apple. You do not have to actually have your device on the iOS version to save blobs for it, it just needs to be currently signed. Get saving!

How Can I Convert Bytes To A Python String?

In this article, we will show you how to convert bytes to a string in python. Below are the various methods to accomplish this task −

Using decode() function

Using str() function

Using codecs.decode() function

Using pandas library

Using decode() function

The built-in decode() method in python, is used to convert bytes to a string.

Algorithm (Steps)

Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task –.

Create a variable to store the input byte string data.

Print input data.

Use the type() function(returns the data type of an object) to print the type of input data.

Use the decode() function to convert the input bytes to a python string.

Print output data.

Print the type of output data after conversion of input bytes to a python string using the type() function.

Example

The following program converts the input bytes to a python string using the decode() function –

inputData

b’TutorialsPoint’

(

‘Input data:’

inputData

)

(

type

(

inputData

)

result

inputData

decode

(

)

(

‘Output data:’

result

)

(

type

(

result

)

Output

On executing, the above program will generate the following output −

Input data: b'TutorialsPoint' Output data: TutorialsPoint Using str() function

The str() function returns the string format of the object i.e converts it into string form.

Algorithm (Steps)

Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task –.

Create a variable to store the input byte string data.

Print input data.

Use the type() function(returns the data type of an object) to print the type of input data.

Use the str() function to convert the input bytes to a python string by passing the input data, ‘UTF-8’ as arguments to it.

Print output data.

Print the type of output data after conversion of input bytes to a python string using type() function.

Example

The following program converts the input bytes to a python string using the str() function −

inputData

b’TutorialsPoint’

(

‘Input data:’

inputData

)

(

type

(

inputData

)

result

str

(

inputData

‘UTF-8’

)

(

‘Output data:’

result

)

(

type

(

result

)

Output

On executing, the above program will generate the following output −

Input data: b'TutorialsPoint' Output data: TutorialsPoint Using codecs.decode() function

The codecs module can be used to convert byte data types to strings as well.

The decode() method of the codecs module decodes the binary string into normal form.

Algorithm (Steps)

Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task –.

Use the import keyword to import the codecs module.

Create a variable to store the input byte string data.

Print input data.

Use the type() function(returns the data type of an object) to print the type of input data.

Use the decode() function of the codecs module to convert the input bytes to a python string.

Print output data.

Print the type of output data after conversion of input bytes to a python string using type() function.

Example

The following program converts the input bytes to a python string using codecs.decode() function −

import

codecs

inputData

b’TutorialsPoint’

(

‘Input data:’

inputData

)

(

type

(

inputData

)

result

codecs

decode

(

inputData

)

(

‘Output data:’

result

)

(

type

(

result

)

Output

On executing, the above program will generate the following output −

Input data: b'TutorialsPoint' Output data: TutorialsPoint Using pandas library Syntax str.decode()

By calling the str.decode() function on a column, you can quickly convert bytes in a data frame that you are working within pandas into strings.

By default, the Python character encoding is usually UTF-8.

Algorithm (Steps)

Following are the Algorithm/steps to be followed to perform the desired task –.

Use the import keyword to import the pandas module.

Create a variable to store the input dictionary and give some random key-value pairs to it. (Here we passed bytes as values)

Create the pandas dataframe of the above input dictionary using the DataFrame() function.

Convert the values of the clothes column to string(from bytes) to string using decode() function and store this result dataframe in a variable.

Print the resultant dataframe after converting the values from bytes to string

Example

The following program returns the pandas dataframe after converting the values of it from bytes to string –

import

pandas

inputDict

{

‘clothes’

[

b’shirt’

b’pant’

b’tshirt’

b’cap’

]

}

dataframe

DataFrame

(

data

inputDict

)

result

dataframe

[

‘clothes’

]

str

decode

(

“utf-8”

)

(

result

)

Output

On executing, the above program will generate the following output −

0 shirt 1 pant 2 tshirt 3 cap Name: clothes, dtype: object Conclusion

We learned how to convert bytes to Python strings using four different methods in this article. We also learned how to convert a python dictionary into a pandas dataframe. We learned how to use the decode() function to convert column values to strings.

Can I Use Predictive Analytics To Predict The World Cup Winner?

Predictive Analytics is the future of marketing So, I agree with the general thrust of one of those.

The results. The results are phenomenal. They really are startling – to the extent that I’m looking at our client’s results and going back to our Head of Insight because there’s clearly a mis-type here (there isn’t). But if we take the potential success as a given, why are so few marketers investing in and committing to AI-Driven Predictive Analytics? Well speaking to my fellow marketers, the same phrases keep cropping up: ‘we can’t really implement the full set of predictive models yet, so we’ll hang on a bit’; ‘GDPR’s been a bit of a nightmare’; ‘I’m not sure we’ve got the data, it’s all over the place’; ‘it all seems really complex’.

But why complex? We predict all the time using the data available to us.

I predict my partner will want to watch the golf this weekend as opposed to visiting the cinema with me. How? Well, I’m looking at his previous tv preferences (past behaviour), the fact he’s been looking at the TV guide to see what’s on (current behaviour), and extra contextual information I hold (he’s a keen golfer himself).

So I can predict, with a high degree of certainty, his likely action this weekend. This is not the action I want. I want to go to the cinema. I want to see Oceans 8 (don’t judge). I want to change his likely action.

How? Well I need to market it to him with the right message. This is a message I can convincingly craft because I know his likely action. So I will wax lyrical about the film. I’ll remind him Sandra Bullock’s in it (don’t ask), maybe add an incentive like dinner beforehand and remind him that the last time he watched the US Open golf he fell asleep overnight on the sofa and got a crick in his neck.

I’ve predicted his likely action and then used my marketing skills to modify this to the result I want to see.

Now let’s visualise our marketing database and apply the same logic.

If we focus on an area of the customer journey where we’re struggling to realise the maximum potential, we can see how a predictive model can help. Let’s say I want to convert more single purchasers into multi-purchasers. After all multi-purchasers only account for 8% of the average customer database, but generate 40% of the value. This is an area we want to grow! Following on from my homelife analogy above, we’re going to analyse the following:

Past behaviour

Recent behaviour

Any other useful factors (for example, is this a model where demographic, contextual or location data might play a part?)

What behaviours are we interested in? Well chatting to our Head of Insight there’s 100-150 fields that are considered in every model. Now thankfully these models are built in to our Marketing Automation technology, so no one is literally having to sift 100 plus fields. But anything that can make our predictions more accurate is given consideration. One of the other marketer concerns was that they didn’t have enough of the right kind of data. Quoting our Head of Insight again, you can start with what you have! Work out what you need to know more about and then work from there. She’s also written a great blog on when Predictive is a good idea – you can read it here.

Anyway, back to our mission to increase our multi-purchasers. Our model has combined past behaviours, current behaviours and any other useful information to form two groups. Likely to become a multi-purchaser and unlikely to become a multi-purchaser. Easy, right? This is the time to use your marketer super-hero skills and craft two messages to specifically target those two groups of customers. Obviously, the group who are likely to become multi-purchasers are a slightly easier proposition than those who aren’t. However, you’re not shooting in the dark here. You know they’re the difficult group, unlikely, at the moment, to shop with you again. So how do you get them back? You know your brand, you know what works, you know what messages have real impact – and now you know exactly who to send it to! Bingo!

So there we have it. The best models will echo the customer journey, following customer acquisition through to multi-purchase, VIP, unsubscribe and churn reduction. The idea is that your customers will move automatically through all of these models in time – leaving you to hone the messaging, strategy and add value in every way without faffing with the database.

Before I go I owe you one more prediction. And what are betting odds but another form of prediction looking at exactly what we’ve just discussed? A combination of past behaviour, current behaviour, and other relevant factors to predict a likely outcome!

Go for Brazil. Currently sitting at 4/1*. You’re welcome.

*Disclaimer – as of 1630 20/6/18 – don’t gamble your mortgage on it…

Junk Files In Windows 11/10: What Can You Delete Safely?

Junk files are files that remain on your computer after a task has been performed. Sometimes, Windows or some program needs to create temporary files while doing some task and then forgets to delete the temporary files it created. As time goes by, your computer is full of junk files in the form of temporary files, log files, downloaded files, and unwanted/unnecessary Windows registry entries. The article talks about removing Junk Files in Windows 11/10 using Disk Cleanup. It also tells you what you can keep and what to remove and why.

Junk Files in Windows 11/10

When the analysis is done, you will be presented with a window similar to the following – it lists what all is removable without causing problems to the operating system or installed applications.

Which Windows Junk Files can you delete safely?

The following feature in the list shown in the above list:

Temporary Internet Files

Downloaded Program Files

Offline Webpages

Recycle Bin

Temporary files

Thumbnails

Old Windows folder

Etc.

Temporary Internet files are used to speed up the loading of websites in most cases. In other cases, they are files left out after a session just as the temporary files that are created when you are using an app and are not deleted after the app is closed. Normally, an app creates temporary files when in usage and web pages when closed. Sometimes it fails to delete the files, and they are shown under Temporary files. Both of them are safe to delete so you should check the boxes to tell the OS that you are ready to delete them.

Downloaded Program Files are the files that an app installer leaves behind after installing the related app. These are useless as they do nothing except to occupy space on the hard disk drive. You may remove them without any hesitation.

TIP: USBDriveFresher is a Junk file and folder cleaner for USB Drives.

Offline webpages are the ones stored by your browsers to avoid delays in loading webpages. You might want to keep them in the case of a slower Internet connection. It helps in loading webpages that you frequent. The offline webpages are updated on a regular basis – just in case the online page is changed. You may or may not decide to delete them – based on your Internet speed. If you think you can afford to wait for a little until the webpages can load, go ahead and tick the box to delete them. If you are on a slow connection or metered connection, I recommend that you leave the box unchecked as it will trouble reloading the pages from the Internet. If on a metered connection, you will be charged for what you could get for free.

Thumbnails are previews of image files. There is no harm in deleting them. They will always be rebuild when you access the image files again. Of course, there will be a little delay when you open the image folders in Large icons or medium icons view as it will try to rebuild the thumbnails but the delay could be insignificant unless your computer is very slow and crammed up with images. I recommend deleting them if you are not struggling with an exceptionally slow computer.

Windows Temporary files are again files that are left behind by programs even when you close them. For example, when you open a document in MS Word, you might have seen a related file with the same extension. Like, if you open document .docx, you can see !~cument.docx as a hidden file. Such files are normally deleted by apps when you close them. The remaining ones can be cleaned up using Disk Cleaner to gain hard disk space in Windows 10.

Error Reporting Files are basically logs that contain information about events that lead to improper Windows or related app behavior. These are helpful when troubleshooting Windows. I recommend keeping them (uncheck the box so that they are not removed).

Windows Defender Files – can be deleted without hesitation

Windows Upgrade Log Files – you’ll need them to troubleshoot if the upgrade did not go as intended. These logs help in identifying the errors that happened during the upgrade. If you have successfully upgraded, you can remove them.

Device Driver Packages – contains device drivers which you may have to use in the future when a device is not functioning properly. In most cases, these are but pointers that tell Windows where to look for files. Advice is to keep them

By default, the Disk Cleanup software deletes only old temporary files. If you want it to delete even the recent temporary files, read Make Disk Cleanup delete ALL temporary files. The Disk Cleanup command line lets you clean even more junk files!. If you wish, you can also automate Disk Cleanup.

Read next: Remove unwanted Windows programs, apps, features, and folders.

Bmw I Vision Dee Can Even Change Color To Match Your Outfit

BMW recently unveiled a pair of concept cars at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2023 in Las Vegas that showcase how future cars might respond to and reflect the moods of their owners, with moods of their own. The two cars, which look basically the same, are both called the I Vision Dee concept, with Dee standing for “Digital Emotional Experience”. One version of the car features color-changing body panels that can display a full range of colors, including on the wheels. This is an improvement from the “color-changing” concept vehicle that BMW presented at CES last year, which only changed into various shades of gray. BMW I Vision Dee can now curate its exterior in up to 32 colors.

The other I Vision Dee concept was designed to demonstrate new ideas for the “user interface,” which includes how drivers and passengers interact with the vehicle both inside and outside of the car. The exterior of the car, including the front, the area around the headlights, and the “grille” (which is actually a display panel) can display various shapes and colors, creating the appearance of facial expressions and showing different moods or reactions, such as approval, happiness, or astonishment.

“With the BMW I Vision Dee, we are showcasing what is possible when hardware and software merge. In this way, we are able to exploit the full potential of digitalization to transform the car into an intelligent companion. That is the future for automotive manufacturers – and, also, for BMW: the fusion of the virtual experience with genuine driving pleasure,” said Oliver Zipse, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG. “At the same time, BMW I Vision Dee is another step on the road to the NEUE KLASSE. With this vision, we are looking far into the future and underlining the tremendous importance of digitalization for our upcoming product generations.”

The car also has a head-up display that stretches across the entire windshield, a feature that BMW plans to implement in production vehicles starting in 2025. As with other head-up displays, the projected images, which could include navigation cues or more involved images, would normally be mostly transparent. In the concept car, images can also be projected onto the side windows. For instance, the driver can select a digital avatar that can be projected onto the side window as a greeting display as the driver approaches the vehicle.

The type of content shown in the windshield and window displays is controlled using a “Mixed Reality Slider,” which is a projected control on the dashboard that is detected by sensors on the surface. Users can select from five different levels of digital content in the window displays, ranging from basic driving information to augmented reality information relating to the outside environment, or even fully virtual worlds that obscure everything outside. BMW I Vision Dee, with its intelligent, almost human capabilities, guides drivers not only on the road, but also in their digital environment.

“A BMW lives by its unparalleled digital performance. BMW I Vision Dee is about perfect integration of virtual and physical experiences,” said Frank Weber, member of the Board of Management of BMW AG responsible for Development. “Whoever excels at integrating the customer’s everyday digital worlds into the vehicle at all levels will succeed in mastering the future of car-building.”

BMW i Vision Dee – CES Las Vegas

“With BMWI Vision Dee, we are showing how the car can be seamlessly integrated into your digital life and become a trusty companion. The vehicle itself becomes your portal to the digital world – with the driver always in control,” said Adrian van Hooydonk, head of BMW Group Design. “Implemented the right way, technology will create worthwhile experiences, make you a better driver and simply bring humans and machines closer together.”

The I Vision Dee is a sedan rather than an SUV, unlike last year’s CES concept, as the sedan remains “at the core of the BMW brand,” according to the automaker.

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