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What is Responsibility Center?The term “responsibility center” refers to the operational units within an organization that are accountable for the activities specially designed for them.
These units usually have their staff, goals & objectives, and policies & procedures. These units also manage matters related to revenue generated, expenses incurred, and funds invested in their activities. This arrangement is usually seen in large multinational companies, where the organizational tasks are divided into multiple subtasks. The responsibility centers assign each task to a small division or group.
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Key TakeawaysSome of the key takeaways of the article are:
The responsibility center refers to the operational units within an organization that have well-defined individual targets to fulfill and are accountable for them.
Large organizations usually divide their work into smaller subgroups so that every unit achieves its goals that all add up to fulfill the overall organizational objectives.
These units have their staff, goals & objectives, and policies & procedures.
There are four significant types of responsibility centers – cost center, revenue center, profit center, and investment center.
How does Responsibility Center work?In a large organization, all the tasks are split amongst smaller teams focusing on their respective objectives. These small units work synchronously to achieve the overall organizational goals.
Each unit has its targets and goals, which they are expected to achieve within a pre-defined timeline. These subgroups use their resources, follow procedures, prepare financial reports, and bear responsibilities. Although they function independently, they tend to contribute toward the common organizational objective.
Types of Responsibility CenterThere are four significant types of responsibility centers – cost center, revenue center, profit center, and investment center.
1. Cost CenterIt is a unit that allocates, supervises, segregates, and eliminates different kinds of cost-related issues of a company. The primary responsibility of a cost center is to manage the company’s costs and check its unwanted expenditures. Under the cost center, the manager is responsible for all expenses, including maintenance, production, HR, etc.
2. Revenue CentreIt is accountable for generating and monitoring revenue. The management has hardly anything to do with control over cost or investment-related issues within the organization. Comparing the budgeted revenue with the actual payment determines the performance of the revenue center.
3. Profit Centre 4. Investment CentreIt is primarily responsible for investment-related of the organization. The manager may need to control income and expenses in order to manage profitability, which they eventually invest in other assets.
Examples of Responsibility CenterLet us look at a simple example to decipher the role of the responsibility centers within an organization.
ABC Inc. manufactures a range of denim wear, such as pants, shirts, tops, etc. The company often invests huge capital to carry out large business operations or expand. And like any other business, it manufactures goods and sells them in the market, generating revenue.
Hunting for the best investment choice is not the same as looking for a profitable market. The former analyzes return on investment, while the latter intends to maximize profit. Large organizations subdivide tasks into small units or groups.
Importance of Responsibility CenterThe process of creating responsibility centers helps an organization achieve its overall goals. In this arrangement, the tasks are segregated and tagged to many managers, allowing proper delegation and control. Without responsibility centers, it will be difficult for organizations, huge multinational companies, to manage their operations and achieve their overall organizational goals and objectives. This is because these units with an organization are analogous to the different parts of the human body.
Advantages of Responsibility Center
First, given that there is a responsibility assigned to all the units, each individual has responsibilities aligned with the roles that direct them toward a common purpose.
Since senior management tracks and reports individual performances, each individual tends to give their best performance.
It facilitates better delegation and control of organizational tasks, which is one of the objectives of management.
First, a conflict of interest may arise between the individual objectives and the organizational goals.
The management must invest a lot of time and effort to plan and meticulously chalk out the course of action.
Sometimes, the employees or managers are resistant/ reluctant to join a particular department/ segment/ role.
ConclusionSo, it can be seen that responsibility centers are essential cogs in any organizational machinery. It can help organizations grow and seamlessly manage their activities if implemented correctly and efficiently.
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How Does Annotation Work In Kubernetes?
Kubernetes Annotations
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How does Annotation Work in Kubernetes?Annotations have key/value pairs same as labels. Annotation key consists of two parts, a prefix which is optional, and a name. These two parts are separated by a slash ‘/’. The name part is mandatory and it is not longer than 63 characters. It starts and ends with alphanumeric character ([a-z0-9A-Z]) with dashes (-), underscores (_), dots (.), and alphanumeric in between. The prefix is optional however if specified it must be a DNS subdomain and length must be 253 characters or less and ends with a slash (/) If automated system components such as kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, kube-apiserver, kubectl or any other third party automation) add annotations to the end-user Kubernetes objects, it must specify a prefix. There are two reserved prefixes ‘kubernetes.io/’ and ‘k8s.io/’ for Kubernetes core components.
We use the “annotations” keyword to add an annotation to the object. Annotations are also key/value pairs like labels as shown below:
"metadata": { "annotations": { "key1" : "value1", "key2" : "value2", "key3" :"value3" } } Examples of Kubernetes AnnotationsLet’s understand the examples of Kubernetes Annotations with Syntax.
Example 1We have an nginx pod and we want to attach annotations like on-call person pager number, URL or name of the image registry and link of knowledge base article, etc. We can add these details under annotations under metadata primitives. There are default annotations attached by the ‘kubectl’ to every Kubernetes objects whether we attach annotations to the Kubernetes object or not. This annotation is the ‘kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration’. Let’s create a pod using below yaml file.
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx-web-server labels: env: prod app: nginx-web spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80After creating the pod, we use below two commands to check the attached annotation:
Syntax:
Example 2 $kubectl describe pod nginx-web-server $kubectl get pods nginx-web-server -o custom-columns=ANNOTATIONS:.metadata.annotationsExplanation: In the above example, there is no annotation attached to the pod however, there is an annotation attached to the pod and that is attached by Kubernetes core components as it has reserved prefix ‘kubernetes.io’ and name of the annotation is ‘last-applied-configuration’ which means it holds the last configuration applied to that object. The value of the annotation is truncated in the output we get from the first command. If we want to know or extract full value, we use the second command which output only key/value pairs of annotations.
Let’s create a pod and attach the annotations ‘oncallPager’, ‘imageregistry’, and ‘kbArticle’ as we discussed above. Below is the YAML configuration file for the same: –
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx-web-server labels: env: prod app: nginx-web annotations: oncallPager: 111-222-3333 spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80After deploying the above pod, we use the ‘kubectl describte’ command to see the attached annotations as shown in the below snapshot: –
Let’s output only annotations and see how it looks like. Here is the output: –
Explanation: In the above snapshot, the key/value pairs are not that much clear as compare to earlier output and it will be difficult to find the key/value pairs if there are many annotations attached to a Kubernetes object.
Scenarios of Kubernetes AnnotationsThere are many scenarios where annotations are very useful. Some use cases are as below:
We can add application build, release, or image information build number, release ID, git branch, registry address, image hashes, etc.
We can attach name, version, and build information of client library or tool for debugging purposes.
We can add user or tool/system information from where the objects originated. For example, objects can be created by automation tools like Jenkins in CI/CD model. It is very useful information who has created the Kubernetes object.
Attaching fields managed by a declarative configuration layer as annotations help to differentiate them from default values set by clients or servers, and from auto-generated fields and fields set by auto-sizing or auto-scaling systems.
We can also attach phone or pager numbers of the responsible person or directories or link where one can find that information if something bad happens.
The link of the knowledge base article or article number can be also attached to troubleshoot known issues related to that object.
We can add pointers to logging, monitoring, analytics, or audit repositories.
ConclusionKubernetes are similar to labels as it also has key/value pairs, however, it cannot be queried by Kubernetes itself but there are many tools that are configured to query objects based on their annotations, for example, Prometheus, third party tools, etc. Huge annotations do not the impact internal performance of Kubernetes so there are no keys and values constrained like labels.
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How Does Javafx Gradle Plugin Work
Introduction to JavaFX Gradle
The following article provides an outline for JavaFX Gradle. In Java, JavaFX helps in creating desktop applications as well as games. Gradle is considered as one of the top build systems present on the Java platform. Nowadays, plethora of projects is migrated to gradle from maven and ant etc. Using this plugin boosts the build-script and moreover, gradle-plugin wraps every call as well as introduces workarounds along with fixes for JDK-bugs.
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How does JavaFX Gradle Plugin Work?Step 1:
Download JDK8 and install it for the platform you use. Always remember to download the JDK based on your platform. Then, verify the same by using the command java – version and running it.
Before moving to next step, you have to know what JDK is.
Note: JDK is the Java Development Kit that is considered as Java programming language’s one of the top 3 primary technology packages. Other two are JVM (Java Virtual Machine) which is the component that executes programs in Java and JRE (Java Runtime Environment) which is the Java’s on-disk part that helps in creating the Java Virtual Machine.
Step 2:
After installing JDK, download Eclipse IDE and install the same.
Note: Eclipse is an IDE that helps in programming which consists of a base workspace along with a wide plug-in system. This is mainly for environment customization.
Step 3:
Normally, Eclipse has in-built gradle support (that is, buildship gradle plugin). But, the default version can be old sometimes. For that, the gradle buildship has to be updated.
For that, perform the steps below.
Open Eclipse.
Choose Eclipse Marketplace.
Find the buildship with the help of field find on the top.
Once these steps are done, restart eclipse.
If you want to check whether the buildship is installed or not, perform the below steps.
Open Eclipse.
Choose Eclipse Marketplace.
Normally, you will be able to see the buildship in that section. If it is not visible, close the eclipse and start again.
Note: Gradle is considered as a build automation tool that helps in multi-language software development which controls the task compilation and packaging to testing development process along with deployment, as well as publishing. C/C++ and JavaScript are the other programming languages that support gradle.
Next, a JavaFX project has to be created with the help of gradle.
Now, we will see how to do that. For that, following steps has to be performed.
Open Eclipse.
Choose.
Select Other.
Select the GradleProject from the Gradle option.
Give a name for the project you have created.
As this is the first gradle project you have created, it will download libraries for the project.
Step 5:
Once all these steps are done, create a simple Java class and save it within the project folder src/main/java.
Note: Normally, when you create a new class, it will be automatically saved into the location src/main/java.
Step 6:
[optional]
[optional]
Sometimes, you may see an error as shown below.
Select properties.
Change the resolution as Accessible.
Set the pattern as javafx/**.
Apply and close the window.
Example of JavaFX GradleLet us see a sample program which is created on the gradle project.
JavaFX program that works on a gradle project.
Code:
import javafx.application.Application ; import javafx.scene.Scene ; import javafx.scene.control.Button ; import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane ; import javafx.stage.Stage ; public class JavaFXDemoSample extends Application { public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage st) throws Exception { String msg = "Hey !!! It is working !!!" ; Button btn1 = new Button(); btn1.setText(msg); StackPane sp = new StackPane(); sp.getChildren().add(btn1); Scene sc = new Scene( sp , 350 , 300 ); st.setTitle(msg); st.setScene(sc); st.show(); } }Output:
First, import all the necessary packages and declare a msg “Hey !!! It is working !!!”. Then, create a button btn1 and set the msg as the text for the button. For UI controls, create a layout container and add children to the same. Once all these are done, set title for the stage and set the scene. On executing the code, it can be seen that a button is displayed with a text as shown above.
ConclusionIn Java platform, Gradle is considered as one of the top build systems and many of the projects are migrating to gradle from maven and ant etc. In this article, detailed aspects such as working, and examples of JavaFX gradle is explained in detail.
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How Does Credit Limit Work With Example?
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Introduction to Credit LimitWhen a lender offers you a credit card or line of credit, it specifies the maximum amount of credit that can be drawn by availing the credit card or line of credit. This maximum amount of credit is known as the Credit Limit (CL).
Typically, the lending institutions decide the CL based on the information provided by you as an applicant. A CL is a significant factor for personal liquidity as it can influence your credit score and, in turn, impact your ability to access future credit.
How Does Credit Limit Work? ExampleLet us take the example of David, who has recently acquired a credit card facility from a bank ABC Inc. The CL of the credit card is $5,000, which means that David can spend up to $5,000 with this credit card. Let us assume that David spent $ 3,000 at the start of the current month. Determine the available CL if
David paid $1,500 at the end of the current month
David didn’t pay anything
Solution:
Therefore, if David paid $1,500 at the end of the month, we can calculate the available credit limit.
Available Credit Limit = Credit Limit – Expense During the Month + Payment During the Month
Available CL = $5,000 – $3,000 + $1,500
= $3,500
On the other hand, if David didn’t pay anything, then the available CL can be calculated as,
Available Credit Limit = Credit Limit – Expense During the Month + Payment During the Month
Available CL = $5,000 – $3,000 + $0
= $2,000
How to Increase Credit Limit?
Use the credit facility: If you use the credit facility frequently and make the bill payments in full and on time, then it is likely that the bank may increase your CL.
Provide updated income statement: If your income increases, you should provide the updated income statement (latest payslips) to the bank and request to enhance the existing limit. The bank will be willing to increase the CL in such a scenario.
Apply for a new credit facility: If your existing bank is unwilling to increase your CL and you have a healthy credit history, you can also apply for a new credit facility, which might come with a higher CL.
Make all the bill payments on time: If you make all the bill payments regularly and on time, your credit score will be healthy, and any lender will see you as a low-risk borrower. So, you must be patient and wait, as the bank may automatically offer you a higher CL.
How is Credit Limit Calculated?Typically, lending institutions take into account the following factors while calculating the CL:
Credit History: Your credit score is one of the most critical factors in calculating your CL. If you can maintain a clean credit history (no defaults or delayed payments), you can retain a good credit score, resulting in a higher CL and lower borrowing rate. On the other hand, if you have several defaults indicating reckless credit behavior, likely, banks may even reduce the existing credit limit. [Note: No credit history can also harm a prospective borrower as the lenders end up with no credit track record to rely on.]
Debt-To-Income Ratio: The lenders also evaluate your income to assess the amount of debt that you can afford to repay. However, a higher income doesn’t guarantee a higher CL, as the banks are more interested in your debt-to-income ratio. The banks also look at the number of debts and your debt servicing history. Effectively, a higher debt-to-income ratio results in a lower CL and vice versa.
Credit Limit Offered By Other Lenders: At times, the banks also take cognizance of the CL offered by the other banks while calculating the CL of their facility. So, the limit of your other facilities can also be one of the factors in deciding the credit limit.
What is a Good Credit Limit?In the UK, the average CL lies in the £3,000 to £4,000, while some higher-income earners with a healthy credit history enjoy a credit limit of more than £10,000. On the other hand, the average credit limit in the US is around $22,750. It can be inferred that the definition of a reasonable credit limit varies across locations, and there cannot be any single correct answer to this question.
Conclusion
A CL is the maximum credit a lender extends to a borrower.
Lenders calculate the credit limit based on the borrower’s credit history, debt-to-income ratio, and existing credit limits.
Low-risk borrowers are offered higher credit limits and vice versa.
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How Does Loan Syndication Work With Example?
What is Loan Syndication?
The term “loan syndication” refers to the lending process in which a group of lenders funds a loan for a single borrower. This arrangement often occurs when the loan amount is too large for a single lender or the risk associated with the loan exceeds the risk appetite of any single lender. Thus, multiple lenders join hands to form a syndicate and provide the requested capital to the borrower.
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It refers to the arrangement in which a group of lenders joins hands to fund the loan requirement of a single borrower.
It usually occurs when the loan amount is too large for a single bank or exceeds a bank’s risk appetite.
In this arrangement, the lead bank takes on the role of the coordinating entity, while the remaining lenders, known as participating banks, collectively share the risk.
There are three major types – underwritten deal, best-effort deal, and club deal.
Features of Loan SyndicationSome of the main features of loan syndication are as follows:
The need for large loan amounts primarily drives the loan syndication arrangement, making it a key motivation behind such arrangements.
The borrower and the group of lenders establish a single comprehensive agreement, eliminating the necessity for separate agreements between the individual banks and the borrower.
The agreement explicitly outlines and pre-determines the loan amount allocated to each participating bank, ensuring transparency and avoiding confusion regarding their financing obligations.
Loan syndication typically involves reputed corporate entities with strong creditworthiness, reflecting their ability to access substantial funds through this mechanism.
The loan syndication tenure generally spans 3 to 15 years, depending on the loan’s nature and the agreement between the borrower and lenders.
In loan syndication, all participating lenders actively share the credit risk. They ensure that in the case of borrower default, the losses are collectively distributed among them.
How Does Loan Syndication Work?Now let us look at how loan syndication works in the real world:
In the pre-mandate stage, the borrower approaches a lender or invites competitive bids from multiple lenders.
Based on rounds of discussions, the borrower appoints the arranging bank or lead bank.
The lead bank prepares the Information Memorandum for the loan, which typically includes the executive summary, terms & conditions, industry overview, detailed assessment, investment considerations, financial structure, and other key information about the loan.
The lead bank then invites other banks to participate in the loan syndication.
After finalizing the participating banks, the participants sign the confidentiality agreement.
After completion of the loan documentation, the contract is prepared while the loan amount is disbursed.
Finally, the loan must be monitored regularly through an escrow account in which the borrower must deposit the revenue. The escrow account serves the purpose of repaying the loans and fulfilling other statutory dues.
Example of Loan Syndication Types of Loan SyndicationThere are three major types. They are:
Underwritten deal: In this type of loan syndication, the lead bank guarantees to arrange for the entire loan. The lead bank must finance the funding shortfall if the loan isn’t fully subscribed. Given the risk the lead bank assumes, it charges a higher service fee.
Best-effort deal: In this type of loan syndication, the lead bank doesn’t commit to arranging the full loan amount and underwrites it on a best-effort basis. If the loan remains under-subscribed despite multiple attempts by the lead bank, the borrower is compelled to accept a lower loan amount.
Club Deal: In this type, the loan amount is smaller (up to $150 million), and all the participants have an equal share.
Advantages of Loan Syndication
Given that it lowers the lending risk, the alliance of lenders can provide the loan at competitive terms, such as prepayment facilities, without the standard penalty.
Borrowers benefit in terms of flexible loan structure and reduced effort to disbursement.
When a group of lenders agrees to fund a company’s business growth, it gives a facelift to the company’s reputation and boosts its market credibility.
First, forming a loan syndicate requires much time as the lenders must go through extensive documentation.
The management of multiple lenders is an arduous task for a borrower. Even a small issue with a single bank can complicate things and impact the credit lines unfavorably.
ConclusionLoan syndication benefits both lenders and borrowers. Lenders can share the risk, reducing their exposure, while borrowers benefit from a streamlined process that saves them time and effort.
Recommended ArticlesHow Does Size Command Work In Linux?
Definition of Linux Size
The size command in Linux will allow listing the section size and the total size of the object files or the archived files in its argument list. In this tutorial, we will discuss its syntax, how to size command is used in Linux, its options, and its usages with different examples.
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Syntax of size command in Linux:
We can use the size command in Linux in a different format with different options, as shown below:
[–help] [–common] [objfile…]
How Does Size Command Work in Linux?Size commands in Linux can be used in different ways with its options. Below are the options that can be used with the size command in Linux and its description.
Options Description
We can select the output style by mentioning the format either in SysV or Berkeley.
To display the numbers in order of octal, decimal, or hex.
-t –totals To print the total size for Berkeley format only.
–common To print the total size of *COM* syms
To set the binary object file format
To scan the options from object-file
-h –help To display the list of options available in the size command.
-v –version To display the version of the program.
Examples of Linux Size CommandFollowing are the examples are given below:
1. To Get the Default Size OutputSyntax:
size directory_nameExample:
size /usr/var/logThe above result is in Berkeley format, and we can also get the same output in three different commands, as shown below:
2. Default File OptionIn the current directory, it will check for ‘a.out’ file and calculate the size, displaying the result in Berkeley format.
Syntax:
sizeExample:
size 3. To Get the Output in SysV FormatThe output, when generated in SysV format, will print different sections along with the size and address of each section name.
Syntax:
size –format=SysV dir_nameExample:
size --format=SysV /usr/var/log 4. To Specify the Output Value in DecimalWhen we pass the option ‘-d’ with the argument list, we will get the result in decimal value format as given in the example below.
Syntax:
size -d dir_nameExample:
size -d /usr/var/log 5. To Specify the Output Value in Octal FormatWhen we pass the option ‘-o’ with the argument list, we will get the result in octal value format as given in the example below.
Syntax:
size -o dir_nameExample:
size -o /usr/var/log 6. To Specify the Output Value in Hex FormatWhen we pass option ‘-x’ with the argument list, we will get the result in hex value format as given in the example below.
Syntax:
size -x dir_nameExample:
size -x /usr/var/log 7. Option –radixFor decimals, we can use the number format as –radix=10.
Syntax:
size –radix=10 /dir_nameExample:
size --radix=10 /usr/var/log
Radix option in the size command is used to specify the format number instead of using decimal, hex, or octal. For decimals, we can use the number format as –radix=10.
Syntax:
size –radix=10 /dir_nameExample:
Radix option in the size command is used to specify the format number instead of using decimal, hex or octal. For octal, we can use the number format as –radix=8.
Syntax:
size –radix=8 /dir_nameExample:
size -o /usr/var/log
Radix option in the size command is used to specify the format number instead of using decimal, hex, or octal. For hex, we can use the number format as –radix=16.
size --radix=16 /dir_nameExample:
size --radix=16 /usr/var/logWe can use only format numbers as 10,8,16 for decimal, octal, and hex, respectively. When we use other format numbers, we will get an error saying “Invalid radix.” Below is an example of an invalid radix format.
size --redix=12 /usr/var/log 8. To Display the Common Symbol CountThe common option allows printing the total number of all common symbols in the object file. By default, the format will take Berkeley file format; this will also be used to include in the value for column “bss.”
Syntax:
size -A --common /dir_nameExample:
size -A --common /usr/var/logOption -A is used for SysV format. In the above example, the last line having *COM* will give the value.
9. To Display the Total in Berkeley FormatThe option -t (or –totals) allows in displaying the new line at the end of the result that will print the value of all the object files that are in the list.
Syntax:
size -t /dir_nameExample:
size -t /usr/var/lo* ConclusionThe size command in Linux is a very important command that will allow listing the section size and the total size of the object files or the archived files in its argument list. When the object file is not specified in the parameter list, the default file name used is ‘a.out’. The output formats can be displayed in different formats, such as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal. The tutorial above explains various options and provides examples to enhance understanding of these output formats.
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