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Keyword Driven Framework
Keyword Driven Framework is a functional automation testing framework that divides test cases into four different parts in order to separate coding from test cases and test steps for better automation. Keyword driven testing framework divides the test cases as test steps, objects of test steps, actions on test steps and data for test objects for better understanding.
What is Keyword Driven Testing?
Keyword Driven Testing is a scripting technique that uses data files to contain the keywords related to the application being tested. These keywords describe the set of actions that is required to perform a specific step.
A keyword-driven test consists of high and low-level keywords, including the keyword arguments, which is composed to describe the action of a test case. It is also called table-driven testing or action word based testing.
For Example:
login to “guru99” website – Keyword “login” will be used in our automation framework, to the test the login function or action associated with it.
logout to “guru99” website— Keyword “logout” will be used in our automation framework, to test the logout function or action associated with it.
We will see some more example further in the article.
Example of keywords
Keywords
Description
Login
Login to guru99 bank demo site
Emails
Send Email
logouts
Log out from guru99 bank demo site
Notifications
Find unread notifications
In order to create a Keyword driven framework, you need following things
Excel Sheet– Identify the keywords and store them in an Excel sheet
Function Library– Function library consist of the function for the business flows ( login button for any website).So when test is executed, it will read the keyword from the Excel sheet and call the functions accordingly
Data Sheets– Data sheets is used to store the test data that will be used in the application
Object Repository– based on your keyword driven framework you can use an object repository
Test Scripts– Based on the design of your framework, you can have test scripts for each manual Test Case or a single driver script
Why do Keyword Driven TestingIn Software Engineering, Keyword Driven Testing is done due to following reason
Common components handled by standard library
Using this approach tests can be written in a more abstract manner
High degree of reusability
The detail of the script is hidden from the users
Users don’t have to use the scripting languages
The test is concise, maintainable and flexible
How to perform Keyword Driven TestingKeyword based testing can be done in both ways, manually as well as automated. But usually, it is used with automated testing.
The objective behind automating Keyword based testing is
It helps to reduce maintenance cost
Avoids duplicated specifications
Greater reuse of function scripting
Better testing support and portability
Achieve more testing with less or same effort
With keyword driven testing, you can create a simple functional tests in the earlier stages of development, testing the application piece-by-piece. The simplest way to compose keyword driven test is to record them. After recording, the test can be modified and customized as per the requirement.
Each keyword needs to be linked with atleast one command, test scripts or function, which implement the actions related to that keyword.
When test cases are executed, keywords are interpreted by a test library, which is called by a test automation framework.
The major activities involved in keyword driven testing are
Step 1. Identifying low level as well as high-level keywords
Step 2. Implementing the keywords as executable
Step 3. Creating test cases
Step 4. Creating the driver scripts
Step 5. Executing the automation test scripts
Tools used for Keyword Driven TestingFew tools which are extensively used for Keyword driven testing.
Advantages of Keyword Driven Testing
It allows functional testers to plan test automation before the application is ready
Tests can be developed without programming knowledge
It is not dependent on a specific programming language or tool
Compatible with any automation tools available in the market
Sample test cases
TC_01: Login to guru99 demo site, find out how many transactions is carried out today
TC_02: Login to guru99 demo site, send an email to one of your customer and then logout
TC_03: Login to guru99 demo site and check for any notification received
Summary:
A keyword-driven testing is a scripting technique that uses data files to contain the keywords related to the application being tested
A keyword-driven testing usually performed by automated testing.
Tests can be developed without programming knowledge
Tests are compatible with any automation tools available in the market
You're reading Keyword Driven Testing Framework With Example
Jasmine Framework Tutorial: Unit Testing With Example
What is JasmineJS?
Jasmine is an open-source and most popular JavaScript library testing framework to test any kind of JavaScript application. Jasmine follows Behavior Driven Development (BDD) procedure to ensure that each line of JavaScript statement is properly unit tested.
What is the Jasmine Framework Used for?Testing is a key element to any application. For NodeJS unit testing, the framework available for Testing is called Jasmine. In early 2000, there was a framework for testing JavaScript applications called JsUnit. Later this framework got upgraded and is now known as Jasmine.
Jasmine helps in automated Unit Testing, something which has become quite a key practice when developing and deploying modern-day web applications.
In this Jasmine tutorial, you will learn how to get your environment setup with Jasmine and how to run Jasmine tests for your first chúng tôi application.
In this Jasmine testing tutorial, you will learn-
Jasmine for testing chúng tôi applicationsJasmine is a Behavior Driven Development(BDD) testing framework for JavaScript. It does not rely on browsers, DOM, or any JavaScript framework. Thus, it’s suited for websites, chúng tôi projects, or anywhere that JavaScript can run. To start using Jasmine, you need to first download and install the necessary Jasmine modules.
How to Setup Jasmine Test EnvironmentNext in this Jasmine Node JS tutorial, you would need to initialize your environment and inspect the jasmine configuration file. The below steps shows how to setup Jasmine in your environment
You need to install jasmine module to use the jasmine framework from within a Node application. To install the jasmine-node module, run the below command.
npm install jasmine-nodeInitializing the project – By doing this, jasmine creates a spec directory and configuration json for you. The spec directory is used to store all your test files. By doing this, jasmine will know where all your tests are, and then can execute them accordingly. The JSON file is used to store specific configuration information about jasmine.
To initialize the jasmine environment, run the below command
jasmine initThe configuration file will be stored in the spec/support folder as jasmine.json. This file enumerates the source files and spec files you would like the Jasmine runner to include.
The below screenshot shows a typical example of the chúng tôi file for jasmine.
Note that the spec directory is specified here. As noted earlier, when jasmine runs, it searches for all tests in this directory.
The next thing to note is the spec_files parameter – This denotes that whatever test files are created they should be appended with the ‘spec’ keyword.
Next in this Jasmine framework tutorial, we will learn how to use Jasmine to test chúng tôi applications.
How to use Jasmine to test chúng tôi applicationsIn order to use Jasmine unit testing for chúng tôi applications, a series of steps need to be followed.
In our example below, we are going to define a module which adds 2 numbers which need to be tested. We will then define a separate code file with the test code and then use jasmine to test the Add function accordingly.
Step 1) Define the code which needs to be tested. We are going to define a function which will add 2 numbers and return the result. This code is going to be written in a file called “Add.js.”
var exports=module.exports={}; exports.AddNumber=function(a,b) { return a+b; }; Code Explanation:
The “exports” keyword is used to ensure that the functionality defined in this file can actually be accessed by other files.
We are then defining a function called ‘AddNumber.’ This function is defined to take 2 parameters, a and b. The function is added to the module “exports” to make the function as a public function that can be accessed by other application modules.
We are finally making our function return the added value of the parameters.
Step 2) Next, we need to define our jasmine test code, which will be used to test our “Add” function In the chúng tôi file. The below code needs to put in a file called add-spec.js.
Note: – The word ‘spec’ needs to be added to the test file so that it can be detected by jasmine.
Code Explanation: var app=require("../Add.js"); describe("Addition",function(){ it("The function should add 2 numbers",function() { var value=app.AddNumber(5,6); expect(value).toBe(11); }); });
We need to first include our chúng tôi file so that we can test the ‘AddNumber’ function in this file.
We are now creating our test module. The first part of the test module is to describe a method which basically gives a name for our test. In this case, the name of our test is “Addition”.
The next bit is to give a description for our test using the ‘it’ method.
We now invoke our Addnumber method and send in 2 parameters 5 and 6. This will be passed to our Addnumber method in the chúng tôi file. The return value is then stored in a variable called value.
The final step is to do the comparison or our actual test. Since we expect the value returned by the Addnumber function to be 11, we define this using the method expect(value).toBe(the expected value).
Output
In order to run the test, one needs to run the command jasmine.
The below screenshot shows that after the jasmine command is run , it will detect that there is a test called chúng tôi and execute that test accordingly. If there are any errors in the test, it will be shown accordingly.
Summary
In order to test a chúng tôi application, the jasmine framework needs to be installed first. This is done by using the Node package manager.
The test code needs to be written in a separate file, and the word ‘spec’ should be appended to the file name. Only if this is done will jasmine be able to detect that a file needs to be run.
To run the test, you need to execute the jasmine command. This will find all files which have the ‘spec’ word attached to it and run the file accordingly.
Modules Of Surefire Testing Framework
Introduction to Maven Surefire
Apache Maven is a building tool that also supports other operations for project management such as dependency management, documentation and unit testing. The build lifecycle of the maven is divided into multiple phases namely validate, compile, test, package, verify, install, and deploy. Maven surefire is a plugin that is used in the test phase of the build lifecycle of maven. This plugin helps in making the execution of unit test cases of a maven project or application and generate the reports of the testing results in the test phase of the build lifecycle. This plugin creates the reports in two different formats namely plain test files with .txt extension and XML files with .xml extension.
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Modules of Surefire Testing FrameworkGiven below are the various modules framework:
SureFire Logger
SureFire API
Surefire Extensions
SureFireBooter
Maven Surefire Test-Grouping Support
SureFire Providers
ShadeFire JUnit3 Provider
Maven Surefire Common
Surefire Report Parser
Maven Surefire Plugin
Maven Failsafe Plugin
Maven Surefire Report Plugin
Maven Surefire Integration Tests
Surefire Shared Utils
Prerequisites
Maven 3.1.0 or above maven 3.x version.
JDK (Java Development Toolkit) with version 1.7 or higher.
Behavior
The surefire plugins help to export the reports of unit testing in plain text or XML format.
It can also be exported in HTML by taking some extra efforts.
The default path where the generated reports of surefire plugin are stored is /target/surefire-reports/AnyNameOfFile-*(.xml/.txt).
This surefire plugin has one goal defined for it that is surefire, test that specifies to run the unit tests of the maven project/application.
Compatibility with Different Test ProvidersMaven surefire plugin works completely fine with any of the following combinations of the test source directories content.
Junit(5.x,3.8 or 4.x version)
POJO(Plain Old Java Object)
TestNG
There is no need for any extra configurations to specify which provider is used and available for the test cases in the maven project. This is incurred from the dependencies that you add in your chúng tôi file.
For example, if you are using Junit 5 for testing, then there will be a dependency tag with JUnit 5 ‘s group id artifact id and version in the dependencies element of your chúng tôi file of the project.
How to use?One of the most commonly used and preferred methods of using this plugin is to specify the version of this plugin in the plugins element of your chúng tôi file or parent chúng tôi file of your maven project.
Code:
This plugin tag should be added in plugins elements inside the pluginManagement tag of your chúng tôi 3.0.0-M4 is the latest version of the surefire plugin.
An alternative way to use the maven surefire plugin is to call the test phase of the maven builds lifecycle which will invoke this plugin automatically. The test phase of maven lifecycle of building a project can be called by using the following command:
Code:
mvn testThe surefire maven plugin includes all the test classes that are public and contain the word test in it whether the test word be situated in beginning or ending of the class name. However, this behavior can be changed with the help of excludes and includes parameters in configuration in the following way.
Code:
This will lead to exclusion of SampleTest file for unit testing and will include NeedToVerify class file for unit testing even when it does not contains the test word in its name because it was mentioned in include element of configuration element in chúng tôi file.
Example of Maven SurefireGiven below is the example mentioned:
Begin by creating a new maven project.
Consider the following example where we have two methods, one for calculating product and other for division in the class named Arithmetic. Create a new java class file named Arithmetic.
public class Arithmetic { public intproduct(int number1, int number2) { return number1 * number2; } public intdivision(int number1, int number2) { return number1 / number2; } }This class file should be structured and located in the following way.
Now, we will create a test class named ArithmeticTest according to coding conventions the name of the testing class should be the name of the class which is being tested followed by the Test keyword. This will contain test methods whose naming convention is the name of the method being test prepended with test word. Hence, here are two testing methods named testProduct and testDivision.
Then select the methods you want to add in the test class file and mention the name of the test class file and the file being tested in the following window to create a test class file.
Code:
import org.junit.*; public class ArithmeticTest { @BeforeClass public static void setUpClass() { } @Before public void setUp() { } @Test public void testProduct() { Arithmetic arithmetic = new Arithmetic(); int number1 = 100; int number2 = 5; intactualvalue = arithmetic.product(number1, number2); intexpectedvalue = 500; assertEquals(expectedvalue, actualvalue); } @Test public void testDivision() { } @After public void tearDown() { } @AfterClass public static void tearDownClass() { } }Note that all the methods above that are annotated with BeforeClass, Before, After and AfterClass are optional. Only test methods are required in test classes. Each method has its specific purpose and the time when it is executed.
Maven’s chúng tôi will contain.
Code:
This file should be structured and present in the following way.
ConclusionWe can test the maven projects with the help of surefire plugin and we can perform unit testing for multiple test cases and with any of the underlying source directories content like Junit, POJO(Plain Old Java Object), TestNG.
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Testing Login Page Using Robot Framework
Testing Login Page Using Robot Framework
With Robot Framework, we have learnt the following so far −
Import Libraries
Working with variables
Create custom Keywords
How to write test-cases
How to create Setup and teardown
How to execute test cases
How to work with data driven test-cases
We will use all of the above features and use it to test login page in this chapter. We have a login page which takes in email-id and password. When you enter correct email id and password, you will be redirected to a welcome page. If the user enters invalid email id or password, the page will get redirected to error page.
The following screenshot shows a login page −
HTML Code function wsSubmit() { } else { } }The following screen appears when either the email-id or the password is not valid −
HTML CodeThe following screen appears when both the email id and password are valid −
HTML CodeNow we are going to write test cases for the above test page. To start with it, we will first run the command to open Ride.
Command ride.pyOnce done, we will get started with the project setup as shown below −
We will save the type of the project as Directory. The name given to the project is testlogin.
Now, we will create test suite inside the project.
Import Library in the main project and also to the test suite created.
Once the library is saved for the project, it will display the library in the settings −
Repeat the same step for the Test suite created.
Here is the library added for Test suite −
Now in the main Project, we will create a setup and teardown. We would like to open the login page in Chrome browser and maximize the window. In teardown, we will close the browser.
For setup, we will create a user−defined keyword called Open Login Page. This keyword will take 2 arguments, login page URL and browser name.
Now, we need 2 scalar variables that will help us store the values – url and the browser name.
In ride, create 2 variables ${loginpage} and ${browser} as follows −
${loginpage}
${browser}
Save both variables.
The variables will be displayed under your project as follows −
Now, we will add the setup and teardown for the main project.
We have created setup that is using user keyword Open Login Page with arguments ${loginpage} and ${browser}.
Now, we have to create the user−defined keyword Open Login Page, which is done as follows −
Now we need to enter the library keywords, which will open the URL.
Open Login Page user−defined keyword has the following details −
*** Keywords *** Open Login Page [Arguments] ${loginpage} ${browser} Open Browser ${loginpage} ${browser} Maximize Browser Window Title Should Be Login PageNow, we will create Suite Teardown for the suite.
Let us now create a setup for the test suite – Test Setup. This setup needs to get executed first.
For the Test Setup, we have created User defined Keyword called Login Page Display, which will take the argument as ${loginpage} as in the above screenshot.
Now, we need to create the user keyword Login Page Display.
New User Keyword will display the screen as shown below −
Let us now enter the keyword we need for the user keyword Login Page Display.
Here we want to go to the loginpage and check if the title of the page matches with the value given.
Now, we will add template to the test suite and create data driven test cases.
You will be directed to the following screen −
Before we create the Test Login keyword, we need some scalar variables. The scalar variables will have the details of the email-id, password, successpage, failurepage, etc.
We will create scalar variables for test suite as follows −
We have created email, password, successpage and failurepage scalar variables as shown in the above screenshot.
The following screenshot shows the keywords entered for Test Login −
Enter Email, Enter Password, Submit Details and Login Should Fail are User Defined Keywords, which are defined as follows −
Enter Email Enter Password Submit Details Login Should FailNow, we will write test cases, which will take different email id and password details to the template created.
The following is a list of test cases −
Invalid email id Test case Invalid Password Invalid Email Id and Password Empty Email Id Empty Password Empty Email and PasswordNow, we are done with the test cases and can run the same.
Here are the log messages for the test cases −
20231027 18:11:40.353 : INFO : Opening browser 'chrome' to base url ' http://localhost/robotframework/login.html'. 20231027 18:11:45.960 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid EmailId 20231027 18:11:46.169 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:46.706 : INFO : Typing text 'admin' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:47.584 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid EmailId Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid Password 20231027 18:11:47.767 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:48.342 : INFO : Typing text 'invalid' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:49.051 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid Password Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid EmailId And Password 20231027 18:11:49.213 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:49.221 : INFO : Typing text 'invalid' into text field 'email'. 20231027 18:11:49.555 : INFO : Typing text 'invalid' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:50.176 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Invalid EmailId And Password Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Emailid 20231027 18:11:50.302 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:50.306 : INFO : Typing text '' into text field 'email'. 20231027 18:11:50.486 : INFO : Typing text 'admin' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:50.958 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Emailid Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Password 20231027 18:11:51.063 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:51.367 : INFO : Typing text '' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:51.808 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Password Starting test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Email And Password 20231027 18:11:51.908 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Page'. 20231027 18:11:51.916 : INFO : Typing text '' into text field 'email'. 20231027 18:11:52.049 : INFO : Typing text '' into text field 'passwd'. 20231027 18:11:52.432 : INFO : Page title is 'Login Failed'. Ending test: Testlogin.Testlogin Suite.Empty Email And Password ConclusionWe have seen here how to test a login page with different inputs, which will validate if the login is working fine or not. The details of how the execution takes place is given in the log section.
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Correlation In Loadrunner With Web_Reg_Save_Param Example
What is Correlation?
Correlation, as the name suggests, is a mechanism of defining a relationship between two variables or entities. A Dictionary defines it as “statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the other accompany systematic changes in the value of one variable”.
In this tutorial, we will learn about
Why do we need Correlation?Let’s understand co-relation with the following scenario.
Consider you are recording a script using LoadRunner.
Client-Server Communication
During Record,the client sends a request to the server to start a session
A Server receives the request and allocates a new session ID ABC
Client stores the session id ABC in the script.
Client start the session with ID ABC and send a request to a server to allow it to record
The Server recognizes the ID ABC and allows the client to record the script
Now, let’s study the client-server communication during replay
During Replay, a client sends a request to the server to start a session
A Server receives the request and allocates a new session ID XYZ
A Client start the session with previously recorded session ID ABC and send request to server to allow it to record
A Server is unable to identify the ID ABC as it was expecting ID XYZ that it has allocated and session fails.
We need a solution, which to capture parse the dynamic value sent at run-time and return this value back to server. Here is how the client-server communication will look like with this solution
During Replay, a client sends a request to the server to start a session
A Server receives the request, and allocates a new session ID ZZZ
A Client parses this new session id ZZZ from the request.
A Client sends a request to start session with id ZZZ
A Server recognizes the ID ZZZ and allows client to replay the script
This is nothing but correlation.
In case of VUGen, correlation is a binding relationship between a response and any preceding request.
There are various situations when a request is based on a previously received response from the server, such as, a Session ID, server date/time which is fetched from server. These values are different every time you run an application or record a script. Obviously, if the execution of script depends upon a value returned by the server, it means you need to find a mechanism where you can “catch” the server response and attach to those requests which server expects. This is typically called Correlation in LoadRunner.
In simple words, the solution by using Correlation is:
Capture output value from a step
Use above captured value to serve as input to all subsequent steps
Correlation is classified into 2 categories in VUGen/LoadRunner:
Automatic correlation
Manual correlation
Automatic CorrelationLoadRunner provides a mechanism to easily perform correlation in automatic fashion.
VUGen will require you to run a recorded script at least two times so it can internally compare the varying values in the server response.
Automatic correlation can be classified into 3 categories:
Auto-Detect Correlation
Rule-Based Correlation
Correlating All Statements
Rule Name When to Use
Auto-detect Correlation Detect and correlate dynamic data for application servers supported by HP LoadRunner
Rule-Based Used when working with a non-supported application server for which the context is known.
Correlate All Helps correlate all dynamic data in blind fashion.
To configure automatic correlation at the time of recording, perform below configuration in Record Time Setting after a script has been recorded.
Below window will open:
from menu and VUGen will regenerate script (without having to record) with new configurations. VUGen will automatically add a required piece of code to handle correlation. We will look at the sample in more detail in Manual Correlation.
Please note, if you perform correlation manually or use automatic correlation, the piece of code will contain exactly same syntax and function.
Steps to auto-correlate a script:
Record a script
Replay script
Identify the values to be correlated
Verify the script by running again. A successful run means successful correlation.
Tip:
Correlation helps run your script with different values
Correlation also reduces the size of your script
Manual CorrelationManual correlation is about writing code directly into your script to cater for ever-changing values. We can split it into below steps:
Determine the value to capture
Find the right and left text boundaries of the value to capture (WEB)
Find which occurrence of the text boundaries should be used
Add a web_reg_save_param function to the script, above the piece of code which requests the page with the value to capture
Add a parameter name, left boundary, the right boundary, and occurrence to the function
Parameterize the dynamic value in the script every time it occurs
Verify correct execution
web_reg_save_param (" OracleAppJSESSIONID3", "LB/IC=JSESSIONID=", "RB/IC=;", "Ord=l", "Search=headers", "RelFrameId=l", LAST); web_reg_save_param("Siebel_Analytic_ViewState2", "LB/IC=ViewState" value="", "RB/IC="", "Ord=1", "Search=Body", "RelFrameId=l", LAST);Manual correlation can be done by VUser Comparison. Steps in VUser Comparison method of Correlation can be split as below:
Identify Dynamic values that need to be correlated
Find Servers response containing the Dynamic value
Capture the Dynamic value in a parameter
Replace every occurrence of the Dynamic value with the parameter
Verify Changes
Understanding Web_reg_save_param functionVUGen provides multiple functions or APIs to correlate candidates, including:
web_reg_save_param
web_reg_save_param_ex
web_reg_save_param_regexp
web_reg_save_param_xpath
Here we go with the function details:
web_reg_save_param(Parameter Name , Left Boundary , Right Boundary )
List of Attributes
Convert: The possible values are:
HTML_TO_URL: convert HTML-encoded data to a URL-encoded data format
HTML_TO_TEXT: convert HTML-encoded data to plain text format; this attribute is optional.
Ignore Redirections: If “Ignore Redirections=Yes” is specified and the server response is redirection information (HTTP status code 300-303, 307), the response is not searched. Instead, after receiving a redirection response, the GET request is sent to the redirected location, and the search is performed on the response from that location.
This attribute is optional. The default is “Ignore Redirections=No”.
LB: The left boundary of the parameter or the dynamic data. If you do not specify an LB value, it uses all of the characters from the beginning of the data as a boundary. Boundary parameters are case-sensitive. To further customize the search text, use one or more text flags. This attribute is required. See the Boundary Arguments section.
NOTFOUND: The handling option when a boundary is not found, and an empty string is generated.
“Not found=error”, the default value, causes an error to be raised when a boundary is not found.
“Not found=warning” (“Not found=empty” in earlier versions), does not issue an error. If the boundary is not found, it sets the parameter count to 0 and continues executing the script. The “warning” option is ideal if you want to see if the string was found, but you do not want the script to fail.
Note: If Continue on Error is enabled for the script, then even when NOTFOUND is set to “error”, the script continues when the boundary is not found, but an error message is written to the extended log file.
This attribute is optional as well.
ORD: Indicates the ordinal position or instance of the match. The default instance is 1. If you specify “All,” it saves the parameter values in an array. This attribute is optional.
Note: The use of Instance instead of ORD is supported for backward compatibility, but deprecated.
RB: The right boundary of the parameter or the dynamic data. If you do not specify an RB value, it uses all of the characters until the end of the data as a boundary. Boundary parameters are case-sensitive. To further customize the search text, use one or more text flags. This attribute is required. See the Boundary Arguments section.
Note: RelFrameID is not supported in GUI level scripts.
SaveLen: The length of a sub-string of the found value, from the specified offset, to save to the parameter. This attribute is optional. The default is -1, indicating to save to the end of the string.
SaveOffset: The offset of a sub-string of the found value, to save to the parameter. The offset value must be non-negative. The default is 0. This attribute is optional.
Search: The scope of the search-where to search for the delimited data. The possible values are Headers (Search only the headers), Body (search only body data, not headers), No resource (search only the HTML body, excluding all headers and resources), or ALL (search body, headers, and resources). The default value is ALL. This attribute is optional but generally preferred.
What Is Functional Programming? Tutorial With Example
What is Functional Programming?
Functional programming (also called FP) is a way of thinking about software construction by creating pure functions. It avoid concepts of shared state, mutable data observed in Object Oriented Programming.
Functional langauges empazies on expressions and declarations rather than execution of statements. Therefore, unlike other procedures which depend on a local or global state, value output in FP depends only on the arguments passed to the function.
In this tutorial, you will learn-
Characteristics of Functional Programming
Functional programming method focuses on results, not the process
Emphasis is on what is to be computed
Data is immutable
Functional programming Decompose the problem into ‘functions
It is built on the concept of mathematical functions which uses conditional expressions and recursion to do perform the calculation
It does not support iteration like loop statements and conditional statements like If-Else
History of Functional programming
The foundation for Functional Programming is Lambda Calculus. It was developed in the 1930s for the functional application, definition, and recursion
LISP was the first functional programming language. McCarthy designed it in 1960
In the late 70’s researchers at the University of Edinburgh defined the ML(Meta Language)
In the early 80’s Hope language adds algebraic data types for recursion and equational reasoning
In the year 2004 Innovation of Functional language ‘Scala.’
Functional Programming LanguagesThe objective of any FP language is to mimic the mathematical functions. However, the basic process of computation is different in functional programming.
Here, are some most prominent Functional programming languages:
Haskell
SML
Clojure
Scala
Erlang
Clean
F#
ML/OCaml Lisp / Scheme
XSLT
SQL
Mathematica
Basic Functional Programming Terminology and Concepts Immutable DataImmutable Data means that you should easily able to create data structures instead of modifying ones which is already exist.
Referential transparencyFunctional programs should perform operations just like as if it is for the first time. So, you will know what may or may not have happened during the program’s execution, and its side effects. In FP term it is called Referential transparency.
Modularity MaintainabilityMaintainability is a simple term which means FP programming is easier to maintain as you don’t need to worry about accidentally changing anything outside the given function.
First-class function
‘First-class function’ is a definition, attributed to programming language entities that have no restriction on their use. Therefore, first-class functions can appear anywhere in the program.
ClosureThe closure is an inner function which can access variables of parent function’s, even after the parent function has executed.
Higher-order functionsHigher-order functions either take other functions as arguments or return them as results.
Higher-order functions allow partial applications or currying. This technique applies a function to its arguments one at a time, as each application returning a new function which accepts the next argument.
Pure functionA ‘Pure function’ is a function whose inputs are declared as inputs and none of them should be hidden. The outputs are also declared as outputs.
Pure functions act on their parameters. It is not efficient if not returning anything. Moreover, it offers the same output for the given parameters
Example:
Function Pure(a,b) { return a+b; } Impure functionsImpure functions exactly in the opposite of pure. They have hidden inputs or output; it is called impure. Impure functions cannot be used or tested in isolation as they have dependencies.
Example
int z; function notPure(){ z = z+10; } Function CompositionFunction composition is combining 2 or more functions to make a new one.
Shared StatesShared states is an importance concept in OOP programming. Basically, It’s adding properties to objects. For example, if a HardDisk is an Object, Storage Capacity and Disk Size can be added as properties.
Side Effects
Side effects are any state changes which occur outside of a called function. The biggest goal of any FP programming language is to minimize side effects, by separating them from the rest of the software code. In FP programming It is vital to take away side effects from the rest of your programming logic.
The benefits of functional programming
Allows you to avoid confusing problems and errors in the code
Easier to test and execute Unit testing and debug FP Code.
Parallel processing and concurrency
Hot code deployment and fault tolerance
Offers better modularity with a shorter code
Increased productivity of the developer
Supports Nested Functions
Functional Constructs like Lazy Map & Lists, etc.
Allows effective use of Lambda Calculus
Limitations of Functional Programming
Functional programming paradigm is not easy, so it is difficult to understand for the beginner
Hard to maintain as many objects evolve during the coding
Needs lots of mocking and extensive environmental setup
Re-use is very complicated and needs constantly refactoring
Objects may not represent the problem correctly
Functional Programming vs. Object-oriented ProgrammingFunctional Programming OOP
FP uses Immutable data. OOP uses Mutable data.
Follows Declarative Programming based Model. Follows Imperative Programming Model.
What it focuses is on: “What you are doing. in the programme.” What it focuses is on “How you are doing your programming.”
Supports Parallel Programming. No supports for Parallel Programming.
Its functions have no-side effects. Method can produce many side effects.
Flow Control is performed using function calls & function calls with recursion. Flow control process is conducted using loops and conditional statements.
Execution order of statements is not very important. Execution order of statements is important.
Supports both “Abstraction over Data” and “Abstraction over Behavior.” Supports only “Abstraction over Data”.
Conclusion
Functional programming or FP is a way of thinking about software construction based on some fundamental defining principles
Functional programming concepts focuses on results, not the process
The objective of any FP language is to mimic the mathematical functions
Some most prominent Functional programming languages: 1)Haskell 2)SM 3) Clojure 4) Scala 5) Erlang 6) Clean
A ‘Pure function’ is a function whose inputs are declared as inputs and none of them should be hidden. The outputs are also declared as outputs.
Immutable Data means that you should easily able to create data structures instead of modifying ones which is already exist
Allows you to avoid confusing problems and errors in the code
Functional code is not easy, so it is difficult to understand for the beginner
FP uses Immutable data while OOP uses Mutable data
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